Appendix f mosquito control plan california department of. Sep 19, 2012 other biological control agents include the use of parasites, viruses and nematodes in controlling the malaria vector. Biological control of the mosquito aedes aegypti experiment. Biological control of mosquitoes of fishes are used for the biological control of mosquitoes, and these species together form the major successes in biological control. Mature organized districts are practical models of ipm principles. Mosquitoes can be very annoying, their bites can produce itchy welts, and the bites of some species are painful to certain individuals. Managing mosquitoes to control mosquitoes effectively longterm, you need to use several complementary management techniques, including. Sit has the potential to be effective against aedes mosquitoes as well. Biological control introduction to mosquito breeding. Biology, culture andor rearing techniques, experimental studies and field trials are. Quality of life can be reduced in areas with high numbers of biting mosquitoes.
However, they are still in experimental stages of development or give limited effect on the control except the bacillus. Culex pipiens and aedes japonicus, for example, are vectors of the west nile virus that can cause west nile encephalitis in. Yet, the emergence of drug resistant parasites and insecticide resistant mosquito strains, along with numerous health, environmental, and. Still, many people lack understanding of the biology and public health. The study suggests the larvivorous fish to be tried as biological control agent for mosquitoes. Biological control of mosquitoes is usually done by releasing gambusia mosquito. The agents for biological control are living natural enemies. Philip lounibos 1, and gracie byer 1 1university of florida ifas, florida medical entomology. This strategy can be the most effective, most economical, and safest method to control mosquitoes. Biological control is defined as any activity of one species that reduces the adverse effect of another. Environmental management through reduction or removal of mosquito breeding sites has often been used alongside chemical or microbiological ovicides, larvicides, and pupicides 1,2,3,4 in areas where endemic mosquito borne diseases occur. Unfortunately, their usefulness is limited to more permanent bodies of water, and even under these situations their impact on the target species has been only partially successful. This proven nuclear technique has been used to control major agricultural insect pests such as fruit flies, screwworm flies, moths and tsetse flies for decades.
Environmental management includes the 10 measures that decrease habitat availability or suitability for immature mosquitoes. Oct 03, 2016 biological control of mosquitoes using vertebrates has mostly focused on the role of larvivorous fish that consume the aquatic larval stage of mosquitoes. Controlling mosquitoes at the larval stage mosquito control. There are several types of biological control including the direct introduction of parasites, pathogens and predators to target mosquitoes. What is the public health importance of mosquitoes in indiana. This publication contains 23 chapters on the biological control of mosquitoes using fishes and other predators, nematodes, protozoa, fungi, bacteria and viral pathogens.
Insect growth inhibitors pdf 4 pp, 89k prevent the larvae from maturing into adult mosquitoes. Programs that concentrate only on adult mosquitoes are attempting to solve a problem that has gotten out of hand. Methoprene pdf 9 pp, 119k organophosphate insecticide. Biological control agents of mosquito larvae include predatory fish, predatory aquatic invertebrates, and mosquito pathogens.
Mosquito groups mosquito species are divided into groups based on where the females lay their eggs and where the larvae develop. The biology and control of mosquitoes in california edited by stephen l. However, because most studies prior to 1985 did not demonstrate significant fitness e. Environmental physical approach is the core for controlling the mosquito supplemented with biological and chemical control methods. Vector control in landfills, transfer stations, recycling.
Hill 1, caitlin shaunnessey2, and john macdonald1 1purdue university, department of entomology cooperative extension service. A video about the biological control of mosquitoes. Maintaining a strong mosquito control program is vital because mosquitoes transmit a variety of microorganisms that may cause human and animal diseases. Surveillance on the breeding of the target species is being conducted regularly. Mosquitoes are well known as annoying biting pests and vectors of diseasecausing agents to humans and other animals. Vector control strategies have traditionally focused on killing mosquitoes using a variety of insecticides. A considerable amount of information was drawn upon from this earlier manual for this revision. Biological control alameda county mosquito abatement district. Biological control of mosquitoes and other biting flies by bacillus sphaericus and bacillus thuringiensis.
Mosquitoes can be divided into two subfamily groups. This includes the safe and effective use of pesticides. Aquatic immature stages called larvae emerge and develop through four moults instars, increasing in size until the final moult when it reaches the. Parasites ectoparasites or endoparasites are a major cause of diseases in man, his livestock and crops, leading to poor yield and great economic loss.
Various methods have been tried and many more still being developed to eliminate or reduce mosquito populace. Biological and physical control placer mosquito and vector. It is how efficient the control agent can be in substantially decreasing the rate of vector transmission and to what extent can this tool be. Nov 22, 2012 a video about the biological control of mosquitoes. Biological control is the use of natural enemies to manage mosquito populations. To overcome some of the major limitations of chemical control methods such as rising resistance, environmental and health risks, and the adverse effect on non. Gouge, shujuan li, kathleen walker, chris sumner, shaku nair and carl olson introduction mosquitoes are the most important insect pests that affect the health and wellbeing of humans and domestic animals worldwide. Bacillus sphaericus pdf 4 pp, 360k insect growth inhibitors.
Copepoda for biological control of mosquitoes in artificial containers in a subtropical environment jorge r. Environmental management through reduction or removal of mosquito breeding sites has often been used alongside chemical or microbiological ovicides, larvicides, and pupicides 1,2,3,4 in areas where endemic mosquitoborne diseases. This is the classical method of using biological control. Targeting the aquatic stages of malaria vectors via larval source management lsm in collaboration with local communities could accelerate progress towards malaria elimination when deployed in addition to existing vector control strategies. Biological control introduction to mosquito breeding sites of. Fish predation of mosquito larvae has been recorded in many habitats, from small plastic containers 41 to complex natural ecosystems, including coastal wetland environments 42. Mosquitos and the diseases they transmit terry county. To educate the public on methods of cultural practices that will reduce the number of mosquito breeding sites and. Kern 2004, andor predaceous copepods rey and oconnell 2004. Sit is a type of biological pest control that uses radiation to sterilize male insects. Many control strategies targeting either the plasmodium parasite or the anopheles vector were shown to be effective. It has been used most for introduced or exotic pests. Protozoa, fungi, bacteria and viruses pathogenic to mosquito larvae have also been considered as the biological control agent.
Mosquitofish gambusia affinis are ideal control agents for several reasons. This mosquito has developed resistance to common insecticides. Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis for mosquito control. The call for malaria control, over the last century, marked a new epoch in the history of this disease. If the mosquitoes originate away from your property, you may need to cooperate with others to control the insects. An analysis, of mosquito control operations at the state and at the control district level was started during the summer of 1978 to determine the role the epa could play in the ipm of mosquitoes. In this lesson students learn about three groups of natural enemies of pests and how they can be used in an ipm program. Pdf the role of biological control of mosquitoes in.
Wolbachia and the biological control of mosquitoborne disease. Physical control is an environmental manipulation that results in the reduction or elimination of mosquito development sites. A major advantage of biological control, when it works well, is that a single treatment i. Use mosquito fish, nematodes, and bacillus thuringiensis. The origin of the pest is determined and then a search published by utah state university extension and utah plant pest diagnostic laboratory ipm01511 july 2011 general concepts of biological control. The third control method is the use of federal and stateregistered pesticides to control mosquito populations.
The biology of mosquitoes 1lifecycle the mosquito life cycle begins with an adult female laying eggs. The cyclopoid copepod macrocyclops albidus jurine was tested as a potential biological control agent of mosquitoes in laboratory microcosms, in controlled field conditions, and in a 22mo field experiment using discarded tires. The most important biological control of mosquitoes is happening continuously in nature. Biological control is an environmentally sound and effective means of reducing or mitigating pests and pest effects through the use of natural enemies. In some cases, you may not be able to control them at all. Evaluating the effectiveness of these approaches is based on two major criteria. Biological mosquito control uses biological agents to reduce larval mosquito populations.
However, the precise role that communities can assume in implementing such an intervention has not been fully. Imm is based on an understanding of mosquito biology, the mosquito life cycle, and the way mosquitoes spread pathogens. The placer mosquito and vector control district employs mosquitofish gambusia affinis, a predatory fish that feeds on. Biological and physical control placer mosquito and. Biological control of mosquitoes and other biting flies by. Mosquito control has been a point of focus in scientific communities, especially healthproviding units. Sanitation removing food, water, and shelter habitat disruption draining the water where mosquitoes breed biological control using mosquito fish, nema. Biological control mosquitoes can be kept at bay in larger containers such as rain barrels and ornamental ponds by using biological control agents including predatory fish such as gambusia spp. Mosquito control is a vital publichealth practice throughout the world and especially in the tropics because mosquitoes spread many diseases, such as malaria and the zika virus mosquitocontrol operations are targeted against three different. Biological control is one of the oldest methods of insect control. Weve shown that a biological control agent a roundworm can kill 85100% of mosquito larvae. Numerous information sources discuss mosquito biology, mosquito borne diseases, methods of personal protection, and approaches to mosquito control. It is the responsibility of all agencies to protect public health by controlling mosquitoes on their property. Summit county public health mosquito control program.
The biology and medical importance of mosquitoes in indiana catherine a. The special situation of vector control in tropical coun tries encourages biological control. Biological data on 20 common species of mosquitoes found in texas mosquito species larval habitats biting time flight range aedes aegypti ac c, d under 100 yards aedes albopictus ac, th c, d 100300 yards aedes atlanticus wp c, d 0. Laboratory and field studies of macrocyclops albidus.
However, the precise role that communities can assume in implementing such an intervention has not been fully investigated. Biological control alameda county mosquito abatement. As a followup study we need to submit the roundworm to an acid. The predator was highly efficient in controlling mosquitoes in all three settings, reaching. Natural control involves the regulation of pest populations with natural enemies and environmental. Mosquito control is a vital publichealth practice throughout the world and especially in the tropics because mosquitoes spread many diseases, such as malaria and the zika virus. It is hoped that inte grated pest management combining chemicals with locally produced biological pesticides together with medical treat ment will give widespread relief from some of the more serious diseases listed in table 1. Only about a hundred of them are vectors of human disease. The organophosphate insecticides affect the nervous system of. The control of mosquitoes using chemical insecticides is not always a sensible approach, so, alternative biological control methods, especially the use of larvivorous fishes, can play a. Communitybased biological control of malaria mosquitoes. Mosquito control manages the population of mosquitoes to reduce their damage to human health, economies, and enjoyment. They feed primarily at the waters surface, where larvae can be found.
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